Allergenic Pollen Calendar in Korea Based on Probability Distribution Models and Up-to-Date Observations

PURPOSE: The pollen calendar is the simplest forecasting method for pollen concentrations. As pollen concentrations are liable to seasonal variations due to alterations in climate and land-use, it is necessary to update the pollen calendar using recent data. To attenuate the impact of considerable temporal and spatial variability in pollen concentrations on the pollen calendar, it is essential to employ a new methodology for its creation.METHODS: A pollen calendar was produced in Korea using data from recent observations, and a new method for creating the calendar was proposed, considering both risk levels and temporal resolution of pollen concentrations. A probability distribution was used for smoothing concentrations and determining risk levels. Airborne pollen grains were collected between 2007 and 2017 at 8 stations; 13 allergenic pollens, including those of alder, Japanese cedar, birch, hazelnut, oak, elm, pine, ginkgo, chestnut, grasses, ragweed, mugwort and Japanese hop, were identified from the collected grains.RESULTS: The concentrations of each pollen depend on locations and seasons due to large variability in species distribution and their environmental condition. In the descending order of concentration, pine, oak and Japanese hop pollens were found to be the most common in Korea. The pollen concentrations were high in spring and autumn, and those of oak and Japanese hop were probably the most common cause of allergy symptoms in spring and autumn, respectively. High Japanese cedar pollen counts were observed in Jeju, while moderate concentrations were in Jeonju, Gwangju and Busan.CONCLUSIONS: A new methodology for the creation of a pollen calendar was developed to attenuate the impact of large temporal and spatial variability in pollen concentrations. This revised calendar should be available to the public and allergic patients to prevent aggravation of pollen allergy.

Tuber borchii Shapes the Ectomycorrhizosphere Microbial Communities of Corylus avellana

In this study, eight-month-old ectomycorrhizae of Tuber borchii with Corylus avellana were synthesized to explore the influence of T. borchii colonization on the soil properties and the microbial communities associated with C. avellana during the early symbiotic stage. The results showed that the bacterial richness and diversity in the ectomycorrhizae were significantly higher than those in the control roots, whereas the fungal diversity was not changed in response to T. borchii colonization. Tuber was the dominant taxon (82.97%) in ectomycorrhizae. Some pathogenic fungi, including Ilyonectria and Podospora, and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Hymenochaete, had significantly lower abundance in the T. borchii inoculation treatment. It was found that the ectomycorrhizae of C. avellana contained some more abundant bacterial genera (e.g., Rhizobium, Pedomicrobium, Ilumatobacter, Streptomyces, and Geobacillus) and fungal genera (e.g., Trechispora and Humicola) than the control roots. The properties of rhizosphere soils were also changed by T. borchii colonization, like available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium, which indicated a feedback effect of mycorrhizal synthesis on soil properties. Overall, this work highlighted the interactions between the symbionts and the microbes present in the host, which shed light on our understanding of the ecological functions of T. borchii and facilitate its commercial cultivation.

Multiple food allergy – unexpected culprits

Food allergy has an estimated prevalence of 6%–8% in children. Meat allergy and multiple food allergy due to sensitization to cross-reactive components in infancy is, however, less frequent. A 5-year-old girl was referred to our department with a multiple food allergy history. She had severe immediate worsening of her atopic dermatitis with hen's egg (6 months) and cow's milk introduction (7 months). At the age of 9 months, she presented with recurrent and reproducible atopic dermatitis' worsening and lip edema with the introduction of different meats (chicken, turkey, cow, pork, and rabbit), having the same complaints with fish at 12 months (salmon and hake). At her first appointment she was avoiding hen's egg, cow's milk, meat, and fish (except fresh tuna, codfish, and pollock). We performed skin prick tests (commercial extract and prick-to-prick with whole food) and specific IgE, which revealed sensitization to hen's egg, raw meat (cow, pork, chicken, turkey, duck, lamb, goat, and rabbit; negative for cooked meat), codfish and cow's milk (mild). ISAC was performed, revealing sensitization to 3 cross-reactive components (serum albumins Bosd6, Canf3, and Feld2) and specific food components of chicken's egg/meat (Gald1, 2, 3, and 5), cod (Gadc1), hazelnut (Cora9), and kiwi (Actd1). We present a rare case of multiple food allergy in infancy, where sensitization to cross-reactive components was responsible for most of the children complaints. The detection of serum albumins' involvement was especially important, because it can possibly mean tolerance to these foods in well-cooked forms, substantially improving patient and family's quality of life.

[Herbs from Iranian traditional medicine for reinforcement of kidney and prevention of renal atrophy]

Background: Renal disorders including renal failure are common complications which affect the whole body system. The treatment methods in modern medicine seem to be inadequate in a large number of cases. Regarding the increasing interest of the community towards traditional and complementary medicine, the potential of Persian medicine [PM] in management of renal diseases, could be put to test in research programs in order to find possible effective treatment. Objective: The aim of this study is to introduce materia medica which are commonly used in PM for the purpose of protection and functional empowerment of the kidneys against destructive factors

Methods: This research is a literature-based study on effective material medica used in the treatment of two significant renal disorders; renal weakness and renal atrophy [Hozal]. Six pharmaceutical references of Persian medicine from different historical periods were searched by certain keywords related to renal weakness and renal atrophy

Results: Fourteen materia medica related to the prevention or treatment of renal weakness and fifteen for renal atrophy were found. Poppy [Papaver somniferum]. Amber and shellac are the most repeated medicines in the treatment of renal weakness; whereas fig [ficus carica], banana [musa sapientum] and hazelnut [corynus avelana] are mostly_repeated for either prevention or treatment of renal atrophy

Conclusion: Medicinal plants represented by Persian medicine references could be a basis for experimental and clinical researches for drug development in the field of prevention or even treatment of acute or chronic renal failure

Sensitization to component antigens in acute idiopathic urticaria in children

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate hidden allergens of acute idiopathic urticaria (AIU) in childhood by using the component-resolved diagnostics (CRD). METHODS: We applied CRD using pathogenesis-related protein family number 10 (PR-10) and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP). RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 74 AIU children (29.7%) were found to be positive on CRD. Ten children were positive to nMal d 1 for apple (value range, 1.10–40.59), 6 to rConr a 1 for hazelnut (1.53–11.97), 4 to rPru p 1 for peach (1.32–11.83). 6 to rAra h 8 for peanut (1.20–8.12), 6 to nAct d 8 for kiwi (0.85–3.32), 4 to rBet v 1 for birch (2.49–54.28), and 3 to rAln g 1 for alder (2.32–5.74). Six children were positive to nPru p 3 for peach (1.45–18.77), 4 to rCor a 8 for hazelnut (2.56–9.19), 2 to nArt v 3 for mugwort (3.40–7.42), and 3 to rBet v2 to profilin of birch (2.56–17.46). Ten children with AIU were positive to multiple component proteins. For hazelnut, 5 children were positive to PR-10 (rConr a 1) and nsLTP (rConr a 1). For peach, 3 children were positive to PR-10 (rPru p 1) and nsLTP (nPru p 3). CONCLUSION: IgE sensitization to PR-10 or nsLTP may be allergen components for AIU in childhood.

Antiviral Activity of Corylus heterophylla Fisch Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection

The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has recently been shown to cause huge economic losses in the global pork industry. Our results demonstrated that the extract dose-dependently inhibited the replication of PEDV and reduced the visible cytopathic effect (CPE). Treatment with C. heterophylla Fisch extract resulted in marked reduction of PEDVinduced cytokine and chemokine expression. The antiviral activity of C. heterophylla Fisch extract on PEDV replication was found to be primarily exerted at the early stages after infection. Taken together, our data indicate that C. heterophylla Fisch extract may be a good therapeutic agent for use against PEDV and also a potential candidate to be evaluated against other human and animal coronaviruses.

Occurrence and distribution of Apple mosaic virus on hazelnut cultivars in giresun, Turkey / Ocorrência e distribuição do vírus mosaico da macieira em cultivares de avelã em Giresun, Turquia

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) is the most important viral pathogen of hazelnut. The Black Sea region is the main hazelnut producing area in Turkey. Hazelnut growing areas from Giresun which are located in the Black Sea region were surveyed for occurrence and distribution of ApMV in 2011-2012. Hazelnut leaf samples were collected randomly from non-symptomatic and symptomatic plants displaying yellow rings and lines, yellow flecking, oak leaf pattern and broad vein banding. Leaves from 229 samples collected in 35 fields were tested for the presence of ApMV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a commercial antiserum. Based on the ELISA results, 18 out of 229 samples (7.86%) were infected with ApMV.

O virus do mosaico da macieira (APMV) é o patógeno viral mais importante da avelã. A região do Mar Negro é a principal área produtora de avelã na Turquia. Áreas de cultivo de avelã de Giresun, que estão localizadas na região do Mar Negro foram levantadas para a ocorrência e distribuição de APMV em 2011-2012. Amostras de folhas de avelã foram colhidas aleatoriamente a partir de plantas com e sem sintomas, onde se visualizava anéis amarelos alinhados na superfície foliar, amarelecimento em pontos localizados redução do limbo foliar e amarelecimento das nervuras. . Folhas coletadas para 229 amostras em 35 áreas (locais) foram analisadas para a presença do vírus do mosaico da macieira (VMM) usando ELISA com um antissoro comercial. Baseando na análise de ELISA 18 amostras foram positivas para o vírus (7,86 %) num total de 229.

Oral Allergy Syndrome to Hazelnuts / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Single base extension and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy techniques; further approaches in discriminating hazelnut-adulterated olive oil

Confirmation of olive oil authenticity and particularly virgin olive oil has a great importance. Several advanced chemical and genetic analyses have been used to monitor especial components; however, each has its limitations especially when detecting hazelnut-adulterated olive oil. The objective of this research was to assess the presence of trace amount of hazelnut oil in olive oil [less than 10%] by Single Base Extension [SBE] and Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy [FTIR]. The study was based on the analysis of chloroplast DNA sequences using SBE to detect Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms [SNPs] in highly preserved DNA regions among olive and hazelnut species to differentiate pure and adulterated olive oil by means of two parallel tools; ABI PRISM sequencing and AcycloPrime Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection. Fourier -Transform InfraRed technique was used for FTIR spectrum comparisons of pure olive oil and hazelnut-adulterated one, as well. Total DNA was extracted successfully from pure and hazelnut-adulterated olive oil, and it provided properly acceptable amplification with the primers designed on chloroplast region of both species and their admixture oil in different ratios; 50: 50, 70: 30, and vice versa. However, for lesser than 10% hazelnut oil in olive oil only SBE analysis provided recognizable results. FTIR spectra of oil samples were assessed at frequency regions of 4000 - 700 cm [-1]. Eight wave numbers [3007, 1373, 1237, 1120, 1098, 1032, 965, and 722 cm [-1]] of eleven differentiating ones were selected as candidate wave-numbers to distinguish pure and adulterated olive oil. SBE technique proved to be an effective strategy to verify olive oil authenticity, especially from hazelnut-adulterated olive oil. However, FTIR technique provided trustable results only when higher than 10% hazelnut oil is present in olive oil.

Establecimiento de condiciones óptimas para obtener un aislado proteico de avellana chilena (Gevuina avellana, Mol)

Una alternativa para resolver el problema del déficit global de proteínas ha sido la utilización de tortas desgrasadas generadas por la extracción de aceite de fuentes vegetales tales como raps, soya, lupino, etc, proceso que al mismo tiempo incrementa el contenido proteico, siendo factible que sea usada para enriquecer algunos tipos de alimentos. Tal es el caso de la avellana chilena (Gevuina avellana, Mol), especie monotípica caracterizada por su elevado porcentaje de aceite (50%) y cuya torta desgrasada podría utilizarse para obtener un aislado proteico. Con este fin se optimizaron las condiciones de extracción de proteína utilizando para ello la metodología superficie de respuesta (MSR) seleccionando el diseño central compuesto, tres variables independientes: tiempo de contacto de la torta con el solvente, relación muestra/solvente y pH, con 5 niveles de trabajo cada uno y tres replicaciones en el punto central. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de regresión y después de ANOVA. El primero para determinar la ecuación polinómica y el segundo para seleccionar los factores de control con efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento de la proteína. La mejor combinación de los factores resultó ser tiempo entre 30 y 40 minutos, pH entre 9 y 9,5 y la relación muestra/ solvente entre 1/15 a 1/16, con un rendimiento final de 76%. En cuanto a las características físicas esta fueron: densidad aparente 0,504 g/cm3, compactación 43,34% y color amarillo claro. El análisis proximal mostró una concentración de proteínas de 76%, hidratos de carbono 13%, fibra cruda 0,68% y aceite 1,29%. En cuanto a las propiedades funcionales destacó absorción de agua (320 g/100 g), absorción de aceite (410 g/100g) y capacidad espumante (221, 05 %).

Establishment of optimun conditions in order to obtain a protein isolate from Chilean Hazelnut. An alternative to solve the problem of the overall deficit of proteins has been the use of defatted cakes generated by the extraction of oil from vegetable sources such as rapeseed, soybean, lupin, etc. This process at the same time increases the protein content, making this feasible to be used to enrich some types of food. This is the case of the chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana, Mol), monotypic species characterized by their high percentage of oil (50%) and whose defatted cake isolated protein could be used to obtain an isolated protein. For this purpose optimized conditions of extraction of protein were carried out using the surface response methodology (SRM) and a central composite design with three independent variables: time of contact of the cake with the solvent, sample /solvent ratio and pH was used. All variables were controlled at five different levels. The data were subjected to an analysis of regression and ANOVA, the first to determine the polynomial equation and the second to select the control factors with significant effect on the extraction of the protein. The best combination of factors turned out to be: time between 30 and 40 minutes, pH between 9 and 9.5 and a relationship sample / solvent between 1/15 to 1/16 with a final yield of 76%. The physical characteristics were: density 0,504 g/cm3, compaction 43, 34 % apparent and pale yellow. Proximal analysis showed a concentration of protein of 76%, 13%, raw fiber carbohydrate 0.68% and oil 1.29%. With regard to the functional properties emphasized water absorption (320 g / 100 g), absorption of oil (410 g / 100 g) and foaming capacity (221 %).

Efecto redox de diferentes extractos herbales sobre biomoléculas: lípidos de membrana y tioles proteícos / Redox effect of different herbal extracts on biomolecules: membrane lipids and protein thiols

Las plantas poseen diferentes tipos de antioxidantes, entre ellos compuestos polifenólicos y azufrados; entre estos últimos, GSH y cisteína, principales antioxidantes no enzimáticos de la célula animal. La capacidad antioxidante de los preparados herbales depende de numerosas variables, entre ellas, la parte de la planta seleccionada y el proceso de extracción. En este trabajo se analizó la actividad antioxidante de diferentes extractos herbales de los cuales se recibió sólo los nombres que mencionamos a continuación: Gel Aloe Vera, Phytopol Calafate, Phytopol Equisetum, Phytopol Murtilla, Phytopol Abedul, Phytopol Caléndula, Phytopol Romero, Phytopol Matico y Phytopol Avellano. Como sistema biológico, se utilizaron microsomas hepáticos de rata y como sistema pro-oxidante, Cu2+/ascorbato. Se ensayó la capacidad de los extractos de prevenir la lipoperoxidación microsómica y la disminución de los tioles microsómicos, ambos fenómenos inducidos por el sistema Cu2+/ascorbato. Se evaluó además, la capacidad de quelar iones Cu2+ mediante el cambio del espectro de absorbancia de este ion y la capacidad de inhibir la actividad de la GSH-transferásica microsómica, enzima cuya forma activa es el dímero -S-S-.Los resultados mostraron gran diversidad en los efectos antioxidantes ensayados y falta de correlación entre las actividades antioxidantes y la concentración de polifenoles totales de los extractos. Por ejemplo, Phytopol matico que contenía la mayor concentración de polifenoles, no fue el mejor antilipoperoxidante, pero si en las otras actividades medidas. Estos resultados indicarían diversidad en la calidad y cantidad de los antioxidantes presentes en cada uno de los extractos. Esta diversidad nos parece que apoya el uso de extractos polivalentes como estrategia terapéutica asociada a enfermedades que reconocidamente, están asociadas a estrés oxidativo.

The Revised Edition of Korean Calendar for Allergenic Pollens

The old calendar of pollens did not reflect current pollen distribution and concentrations that can be influenced by changes of weather and environment of each region in South Korea. A new pollen calendar of allergenic pollens was made based on the data on pollen concentrations obtained in eight regions nationwide between 1997 and 2009. The distribution of pollen was assessed every day at 8 areas (Seoul, Guri, Busan, Daegu, Jeonju, Kwangju, Kangneung, and Jeju) for 12 years between July 1, 1997 and June 30, 2009. Pollens were collected by using Burkard 7-day sampler (Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd, UK). Pollens which were stained with Calberla's fuchsin staining solution were identified and counted. Pine became the highest pollen in May, and the pollen concentrations of oak and birch also became high. Ragweed appeared in the middle of August and showed the highest pollen concentration in the middles of September. Japanese hop showed a high concentration between the middle of August and the end of September, and mugwort appeared in the middles of August and its concentration increased up until early September. In Kangneung, birch appeared earlier, pine showed a higher pollen concentration than in the other areas. In Daegu, Oriental thuja and alder produced a large concentration of pollens. Pine produced a large concentration of pollens between the middle of April and the end of May. Weeds showed higher concentrations in September and mugwort appeared earlier than ragweed. In Busan the time of flowering is relatively early, and alder and Oriental thuja appeared earliest among all areas. In Kwangju, Oriental thuja and hazelnut appeared in early February. Japanese cedar showed the highest pollen concentration in March in Jeju. In conclusion, update information on pollen calendar in South Korea should be provided for allergic patients through the website to manage and prevent the pollinosis.

Desarrollo de una formulación optimizada de galletas para celiacos utilizando harina desgrasada de avellana chilena (gevuina avellana, mol) y harina de quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) / Development of a cookie formulation for celiac people using defatted chilean hazel nut (gevuina avellana. mol) flour and quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) flour

Se desarrolló una formulación optimizada de galletas en base a harina desgrasada de avellana chilena (HDA) y harina de quinoa (HQ) ambas exentas de gluten teniendo como objetivo incrementar las opciones nutricionales de la población celiaca, utilizando la metodología Taguchi. Se trabajó con cuatro factores de control HDA, HQ, bicarbonato de amonio (BA) y tiempo de horneado (TH) a tres niveles de trabajo cada uno para determinar sus efectos en la calidad sensorial (C.S) y señal ruido (S/R) del producto optimizado. Para determinar los niveles óptimos de trabajo de cada factor de control así como la influencia relativa de los efectos de cada parámetro se utilizó el arreglo ortogonal L9 34 con nueve puntos de diseño y dos replicaciones cada uno totalizando 18 puntos experimentales. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente cuantificando la magnitud de diferencia de promedios por factor y nivel de trabajo y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) Las características de calidad a obtener fueron la máxima C.S y S/R del producto utilizando el concepto “mayor es mejor” según la metodología Taguchi. La combinación óptima de las variables independientes resultó ser HDA 24,3 por ciento, HQ 7,1 por ciento, BA 0,6 por ciento y TH 22 minutos. Entre las características químicas de la galleta optimizada destacaron su contenido de proteínas (8,9 por ciento) y fibra cruda (12,7 por ciento). Por su parte la concentración de prolaminas de 1,5 ppm fue inferior al límite máximo recomendado por CODEX (20 ppm) catalogándolo como un producto exento de gluten. En cuanto a la vida útil, se demostró que es un producto estable a la rancidez alcanzando una concentración de dienos conjugados de 3,6 por ciento bajo condiciones de almacenamiento de 45 días a una temperatura de 30ºC. Finalmente se obtuvo un 100 por ciento de aceptabilidad del producto por parte de los consumidores celiacos, distribuída en 75 por ciento para “Me agrada mucho” y 25 por ciento para “Me agrada”...

The present investigation deals with the optimization of a cookie formulation based on deffated chilean hazel nut flour (DCHF) and quinoa flour (QF) characterized for being gluten free resources, aimed to increment the nutritional options of the celiac population using Taguchi methodology. Four independent variables DCHF, QF, ammonium bicarbonated (AB) and baking time (BT) at three levels each one were considered in orden to evaluate their effects on the sensory quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the optimized product. To determine the optimun levels and relative magnitude of the effects of each parameter L934 orthogonal array with nine design points and two replications each totalizing eighteen experimental runs was used. Results were analyzed using differences between the average values of each factor according to the working level and also analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desired characteristics were the maxima SQ and S/R responses, so Taguchi “the larger the better” performance formula was used. Optimun conditions turn out to be DCHF 24,3 percent; QF 7,1 percent; AB 0,6 percent; BT 22 minutes. Among the chemical characteristics highlighted components such as protein (8,9 percent) and fiber (12,7 percent). Regarding the prolamine content of 1,5 ppm its result was under the limit considered for CODEX (20 ppm) classifying this product as gluten free. On the other hand, the shelf life study expressed as conjugated dienes (CD) was 3,6 percent after 45 days at 30ºC storage conditions proving this product is stable to rancidness. Hedonic test data shown 100 percent approval, splitted as follow 75 percent (like very much) and 25 percent (like). Finally 100 percent of celiac peoples inquired in this study were well disposed to buy this product.

Effect of modifying land cover and long-term agricultural practices on the soil characteristics in native forest-land.

Natural forestland soils in the high land mountain ecosystems on the eastern Black sea region of Turkey are being seriously degraded and destructed due to intensive agricultural practices. In this study we examined four soil profiles selected from four sites in each of three adjacent land use types which are native forest, pasture and cultivated fields with corn and hazelnut to compare the soil physical, chemical and morphological properties modified after natural forestland transformation into cultivated land. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from four sites. The effects of agricultural practices on soil properties taken from each three adjacent land use types were most clearly detected in the past 50 years with the land use change. Land use change and subsequent tillage practices resulted in significant decreases in organic matter, total porosity, total nitrogen and reduced soil aggregates stability. However, contents of available P were improved by application of phosphorous fertilizers in cultivated system. There was also a significant change in bulk density among cultivated, pasture and natural forest soils. Depending upon the increase in bulk density and disruption of pores by cultivation, total porosity decreased accordingly. The data show that long term continuous cultivation of the natural forest soils resulted in changes in physical and chemical characteristics of soils.

Avaliação da qualidade físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial de pastas a base de amendoim, avelã e amêndoa de castanha de caju, comercializadas em Fortaleza, Estado do Ceará / Evaluation physicochemical, sensory and microbiological of folders the base of peanut, hazelnut and cashew nut, commercialized in Fortaleza, State of the Ceará

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas de três tipos de pastas a base de amêndoa de castanha de caju, de amendoim e de avelã, comercializadas em Fortaleza. Considera-se pasta um produto elaborado a base de amêndoas, adicionado a outros coadjuvantes (sal, açúcar, estabilizantes, emulsificantes, anti-oxidantes), moído e misturado para formar uma pasta homogênea. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas foram: pH (5,8 a 6,4), atividade de água (0,413 a 0,506), umidade (1,3 a 1,8 por cento), cinzas (1,1 a 2,2 por cento), gordura (30,2 a 49,0 por cento) e proteína (4,5 a 17,8 por cento). As pastas apresentaram boa aceitação sensorial quanto aos atributos de aparência (7,5 a 7,6), manuseio com faca (5,3 a 8,1). As amostras analisadas foram consideradas adequadas para o consumo humano, pois atenderam às exigências da legislação brasileira: contagem de coliformes a 45ºC menor que 10 NMP/g e ausência de Salmonella sp.

Detection of current and potential hazelnut plantation areas in Trabzon, North East Turkey using GIS and RS.

Monitoring agricultural products requires the periodic determination of land cover and the production of land use policies in an optimum way. The hazelnut is one of the important Turkish agricultural exports and Turkey provides 77% of the world's hazelnuts. In Turkey, hazelnut production exceeds the demand; new regulations have been enacted to create new land use policies. By putting into practice regulations restricting hazelnut plantation areas, a more efficient and productive hazelnut harvest policy could be created. Therefore, more information on existing land cover is required to determine optimum (or ideal) potential hazelnut areas (PHA) and to forecast future crop production. The principle aim of this study is to create a methodology for determining existing PHA, using Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques regarding to support hazelnut policy developers and economists. This study was basically carried out in the province of Trabzon, which is one of the most important hazelnut production areas in Turkey. Landsat ETM+ image was used to generate a current land cover classification. Using the supervised classification method, overall accuracy was determined to be 84.7%. Suitable hazelnut areas were determined according to criteria settled by government regulations.

Relationship between Sensitization to Outdoor Aeroallergen and Month of Birth / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE: Early sensitization to outdoor aeroallergens such as tree, grass and weed pollen in the early period of infancy is very important in the development of seasonal bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis. There is a suggestion that pollen contact during the first 6 months of life increases the risk of pollen allergy for 20 years or later. The aim of our investigation was to identify the relationship between sensitization to outdoor aeroallergens and the month and season of birth in childhood respiratory allergic disorders. METHODS: One hundred three seasonal allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthmatic children were enrolled for this study, and skin prick tests done for each patient to detect the sensitized allergens. Ragweed, mugwort, alder, hazelnut, elm, willow, birch, beech, oak, plane tree, orchard and timothy grass were used for outdoor aeroallergens. The relative risk (RR) for development of hypersensitivity to outdoor aeroallergen in children born in certain months was calculated. RESULTS: We found that relative risk of immediate hypersensitivity to each outdoor aeroallergen was dependent on the season and month of birth. Tree pollen was the most common sensitizing allergen in children who were born in spring (RR=2.12, P< 0.001) and May (RR=1.83, P=0.042), grass pollen was most common in summer (RR=2.06, P=0.046) and June-born children (RR=3.69, P< 0.001) ; weed pollen was the in fall (ragweed RR=2.89; mugwort RR=2.23, P< 0.001) and September-born children. (ragweed RR=2.10, P=0.029; mugwort RR=1.98, P=0.026) CONCLUSION: Exposure in early infancy to outdoor aeroallergens is an important risk factor in the subsequent development of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Aerobiological Study for Airborne Plooern and Mold in Kuri-shi, Kyunggi-Do / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

In a large number of a1lergic cases, inhalant allergens, particularly airborne pollens and mo1ds am important causative, triggering agents in respiratory, even in skinanergy. It is essential for diagnosis and treatment of airborne allergy to survey the airborne pollen and mo1d in the patient's living area. Rotorod samp1er was installed on the well-ventilated rooftop of Hanyang Kuri Hospital in Kuri-shi, Kyunggi-do as the vicinity of Seoul. Airborne allergens were collected from October 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996 daily and were stained with Calberla`s fuchsin and were identified, counted under the light microscope (400Xfor pollen, 1000Xfor mold). The data were compared with the local daily weather report. The airborne pollen was found from 12th February to 22nd December. The maximal period for pollen collection was 7th-25th May (Maximal count:492 grains/ August. There were Alnus, Betula, Pinus, Quercus, Acer, Ulmus, PopuluS, Cupressaceae, Ginkgo, Corylus, Salk in the tree season from middle of February to middle of July. The grass season ranged from middle of March to end of November. There were Artemisia, Ambrosia, HumuluS, Chenopodium-Amaranthus, rumex, Plantago, Trifoium, Humulus, Chrysanthemum, Cyperus in the weed season ranged from middle of July to end of December. Airborne molds were collected all through the year except JanuaIgamma but, counted maximally from the middle of June to end l August. There were CladosPorium, Alternaria, ascospore of Leptospheria, Periconia, Myxomycete, Drechs1era, Rust urediniospores, Basidiospore, ToruIa, Xylariaceae, IOidimn, Nigrospom, Stempi1y1ium, Amphispheda, Fusarium, Aspergil1us. In Korea, there are great number of the allergic patients, but we have had a little records and data about study of relationship between the allergic diseases and airborne environmental allergens. we will reported those results completely in future.

Result of MAST in bronchial asthma in Pusan area / 알레르기

OBJECTIVES: Allergen is closely related with local features and cultural environment and a new approach method regarding causes triggering aggravation is especially required due to complex and variety of ordinary residence and pollution of living environment recently. We, therefore, performed this study to inspire the necessity of identification of causative afeuts in aothmatic patients in pusan area. METHODS: We measured serum specific IgE antibody by means of chemiluminescent analyzer employing MAST, classified the level from class 0 to 4 and interpreted the result in order to identify allergen on total 262 patients consisted of inpatients and outpatients who had been presumed as extrinisic asthma and treated in this hospital during 2 and a half years from June of 1994 to December of 1996. RESULTS: 1. With regard to sex and age distribution, the rate of men versus women was 1 : 1.3, while in the distribution by age, the twenties and the thirties were the most as 29% and 26% respectively. 2. The result of interpretation of the test showed positive in 75%, 78% of which showed positive reaction compounded of 2 kinds or more. 3. If we take a look at the distribution of total IgE class in the positive area, we can find that ; Class III and class II showed the highest frequency as 47% and 37% respectively. 4. If we take a look at the distribution by age and allergen, the twenties(32%) and the thirties(30%) showed the highest frequency, the fifties, the forties and the teens showed middle frequency as 10~13% and the sixties and the seventies showed the lowest frequency as about 1%. The causative allergen appeared in the order of pollen(40%), dust(20%), food(18%), fungus(13%) and epidermis(8%). 5. The distribution of allergen by season generally showed high rate of positive appearance in spring and fall as pollen appeared in spring(44%) and fall(27%), dust appeared in fall(32%) and summer(23%), food appeared in spring(34%) and fall(29%), fungus appeared in fall(30%) and spring(28%) and epidermis appeared in spring(30%) and fall(28%). 6. With regard to the allergen: (1) In pollen allergens, trees showed higher positive frequency than weeds and trees were in the order of birch(14%), alder(13%) and hazelnut mix(12%) and weeds showed similar positive values. (2) In dust allergens, mite(D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae) showed high positive rate as 39% each. (3) In epidermal allergens, it also showed relatively even positive value among which cat's halr-dandruff was the highest as 40%. (4) In food allergens, shrimp showed the highest as 22% and others were similar as evenly positive values. (5) In fungus allergens, Candida and Stemphylium showed the highest value as 19% each. CONCLUSION: The analysis of allergen by means of MAST could be used as a valuable guide post for identifing cousative antigens for active treatment of extrinsic asthma.